Modern Architecture Revolution and Movement
Architecture concept has change after industrial revolution in 1960-1963, the idea of modern architecture revolution growth since the late 19th century in Western Europe caused by a variety of advances in science and technology, of course the that’s factor caused by industrial revolution. Modern architecture Concept there is often changing in line with technological developments, political, social, and economic. Conditions of modern architecture are filled with ambition, tension, loss of the old reference, and also elimination of humanity value because of industrialists effect which dominates life at that time. Architecture Revolution is marked by culture change from neo classic style to “Form follow function. In architecture development, architect specialist was separated according to expertise groups there are architect who specializes in space and form and expert construction structure in terms of calculation and execution of architectural projects.
In the historical Architecture development, Avant Garde movement gave a new life in architecture planning theory and architecture implementation, crystallized into a modern architecture flow called the International Style. In the view of modern architecture occurred changes in the pattern and architectural beauty, where beauty arises purely by the existence of building function elements. Shape theory and old architecture concept of beauty and art in the past has been abandoned with the advent of Cubism theory. Cubism and Functionalism architecture is growing very fast in Europe America and even Asia. Architecture development in line with the culture development, mindset modern society lifestyle in terms of art, beauty and technology based on the ratio of progressive individualism which supported by industrialists materialist.
Modern Architecture Movement was started by Art and craft movement at late period of the industrial revolution which put to work commitments and beauty. Arts and Crafts Movement developed in England during the latter half of the 19th century. This architecture movement also carried by an American designer with a bit different result in United States which its result on art and craft known as Motion Style. Art and craft movement adherents refuse an aesthetic which produced in mass volume, which is considered the main causes of loss of individual beauty. This movement was challenged the sense of the Victorian era and inspired by social reforms such as Walter Crane and John Ruskin, along with the mind of the ideal designer and reformer William Morris. They think that good design has a relationship with their thoughts about the ideal society. In this era manufactured goods has poor quality and design. Ruskin, Morris and other movement members was give the proposal which it would be better if the skill can be activated individually hand back then the workers will be able to produce beautiful goods results in both quality and design if compared mass production outcome. This aims to create a goods design which created society and use to society itself and the result make pleasure for makers and users.
Art and craft movement was gives the impression back to the Gothic period, roccoco, and renaissance architecture. One of its main features is the artwork created by individual artists with a unique artistic touch and every single artwork is dealt with seriously and carefully. Actually art and craft movement is divided into two major streams and there are rational design which initiated by the modernist-formalist adherents and stylish design which initiated by stylish fusion adherents. Some examples of artworks which born in art and craft movement is the 1888 studio magazine Cover, Cover magazine “Craftsman” – Gustav Stickley, page book “Morte’d Arthur” – Aubrey Breadsley. Some of the names of artists and art movements, among others, William Morris, Owen Jones, Gustav Sticley, Aubrey Breadsley, Mc Arthur. Murdo, Adolf Loos, Michael Tonet.
Next architecture movement is Art Nouveau. Art Nouveau is one of the seven streams of art movements which have strongest influence in the world to architecture development. Art nouveau is a continuation of Art and craft movement, dynamic, undulating and flowing is a character of the Art Nouveau and that characteristic always keeping it popular until now. The 20th century is fertile period for various types of modern art to flourish, due to the rapid developments in technology and the influence of new cultural influences and also supported by industrialization, colonialism, urbanization, and industrial revolution. Special characteristic from Art Nouveau movement is Art Nouveau buildings mostly built using glass materials and rare material made of iron or steel material, Rhythm forms of Art Nouveau art is a dynamic, flowing, undulating curves, and the last character is Art Nouveau buildings are still using Belgian Architectural ornaments, Baron Victor Horta is one of the pioneering style of Art Nouveau architecture, one of his famous creation is the Hotel Tassel, Brussels, Belgium.
Art Noveau and Structural rasionalism (Europe), the flow is more emphasis noveau art will issue the arts, while in the flow rationalism structure based on fairness issues in architecture. Art noveau flow very well because every element of his art is always showing something moving and meandering. If the rationalism structure, building construction find the right home construction and become a beautiful structure.
After Art Nouveau movement, Chicago school also gives an architecture movement influence, initiated by Luis Sullivan and Frank Lyod Wright. In this movement especially Luis Sullivan was introduce a slogan ‘Form follow Function’, he said that building faces display affects to usefulness of the building function. While Frank would bring the building is an ‘Organic architecture’, because according to the American situation at the time. Chicago school is an architectural style that highlights technology in the design of steel frame structure, generally a skyscraper buildings and office buildings. Prominent features of this period is building mostly made steel frame structure, wall finishing brick, terra cotta, and metal frames frame protruding. Another prominent feature is at the middle part of main window is flanked by a small window beside her and use little ornament.
Modern architecture movement was drive to organic architecture concept. Organic architecture is an architectural concept which combines space and form. Organic architecture is conceptually incorporating the concept of human habitation with the natural environment and Space became the center of thought and one of the pioneer architects is Frank Lloyd Wright. Wright since the beginning of his design always see that the his project as various intensities of activity which has a psychological character, values and aims to raise the dignity of human activity. Guggenheim Museum is a perfect example of the organic architecture philosophy which designs Lloyd Wright where the plans, sections and views from the outside fused together convincingly in three-dimensional form and space, embodied in concrete construction spiral. Organic architecture character was inspired by natural forms and shape satisfaction with full strong expression concept but elastic and flexible.
Next architecture movement which has significant influence to the modern architecture revolution is Bauhaus which initiated by Walfter Grophius, just like it slogan ”Art and Technique is a New Unity” Bauhaus purpose is to create a new life with a new style by creating a new art. Bauhaus was known as revolutionary ideology and universal character. Some literature said that Bauhaus movement has significant influence to architecture education in the 20th century, especially in the context of the architecture methodology with new aesthetic standard which rooted to the functional considerations. Revolutionary ideology next becomes fundamental concept of International Style architecture movement which has important contributes in the development of contemporary architecture design. Engineering experts, businessman and artists raise a synergic cooperation to create new art which different with previous artwork creature. The system was known as the studio system and then used to architecture education, art and worldwide architecture references. Although the wisdom of Bauhaus movement was not a single truth, but there are some things that can be drawn as a meaning for architecture education around the world.
Bauhaus movement continued by International style with new architecture vision in modern style, this architecture concept was popular in 1920-1930 before the World War II. General characteristics of the International style include a radical shape simplification, ornament rejection, transparency construction which provide by glass and steel or concrete as the material choice. International style usually using simple geometric shapes, all building facades angled 90 degrees rise, Windows arranged in horizontal lines as a regular form line. Minimalist ornament mostly inspired international style design while the building shapes follows building function.
Modern Architecture Revolution and Movement Pictures Gallery
